| Description |
The following research fundamentally deals with the cause and implications of nonlinearities in breakage rates of materials in wet grinding systems. The innate dependence of such nonlinearities on fines content and the milling environment during wet grinding operations is also tested and observed. Preferential breakage of coarser size fractions as compared to the finer size fractions in a particle population were observed and discussed. The classification action of the pulp was deemed to be the probable cause for such a peculiarity. Ores with varying degrees of hardness and brittleness were used for wet grinding experiments, primarily to test the variations in specific breakage rates as a function of varying hardness. For this research, limestone, quartzite, and gold ore were used. The degree of hardness is of the order of: limestone, quartzite, gold ore. Selection and breakage function parameters were determined in the course of this research. Functional forms of these expressions were used to compare experimentally derived parameter estimates. Force-fitting of parameters was not done in order to examine the realtime behavior of particle populations in wet grinding systems. Breakage functions were established as being invariant with respect to such operating variables like ball load, mill speed, particle load, and particle size distribution of the mill. It was also determined that specific selection functions were inherently dependent on the particle size distribution in wet grinding systems. Also, they were consistent with inputs of specific energy, according to grind time. Nonlinearity trends were observed for 1st order specific selection functions which illustrated variations in breakage rates with incremental inputs of grind time and specific energy. A mean particle size called the fulcrum was noted below which the nonlinearities in the breakage trends were observed. This magnitude of the fulcrum value varied with percent solids and slurry filling, indicating that breakage rates were being influenced by the milling environment as a whole. Primarily, there was always an increase in the breakage rates of coarser fractions with an increase in the amount of fines in the particle population. Consequently, the breakage rates of the finer size fractions were observed to decrease with an increase in grind time. Similar trends were noticed for 2nd order specific selection functions, where incremental inputs of specific energy were provided to observe realtime trends in the nonlinearity of breakage rates closely. Although the breakage rates for coarser size fractions increase with an increase in the amount of fines, the nature of nonlinearities varied with extended grind times. 1st order and 2nd order energy-specific breakage rates were observed to notice the variation in trends with extended grind times. Implications of such nonlinearities in specific breakage rates of various materials were tested on predictive simulation techniques, using the normalized linear population balance model and compared with an incremental methodology of specific energy input. |
