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1 An Optokinetic Stimulation Home Exercise Program𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: A plainly written program of optokinetic exercise intended for patient use at home. 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼-𝗼𝗽𝗵𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗺𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼-𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 ...Text
2 Approach to the Ocular Motor and Vestibular History and ExaminationHistory and examination of ocular motor and vestibular.Text
3 Atypical PC BPPV Variant FiguresFigure 1: Atypical posterior canal BPPV variants The labyrinth consists of the cochlea (C), two otolithic organs including utricle (U) and saccule (S), and three semicircular canals including anterior canal (AC), horizontal canal (HC), and posterior canal (PC). A. If otoconia are located within the ...Image
4 Audiometry𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Audiometry is the measurement of the sensitivity and range of an individual's hearing. As many etiologies of imbalance, nystagmus, vertigo and/or dizziness can have an otologic origin the audiogram is an important piece o...Text
5 Audiometry: What Does It Look Like and How Do I Interpret It?An audiogram measures a patient's auditory threshold responses with pure-tone stimuli across a range of sound frequencies that are important for human communication, typically 250 Hz to 8000 Hz. The threshold is the sound intensity level at which an individual detects the tone 50% of the time. Heari...Text
6 BBQ Roll for Right Horizontal Canal BPPV, Canalithiasis (Geotropic Nystagmus)The BBQ Roll/Lampert Maneuver has been shown to be an effective treatment and is supported by a level I classification study. 1. The patient starts in a supine position with the head positioned 30 degrees above the horizon. 2. While maintaining head elevation, the patient's head (or whole body) is r...Text
7 Basics of Acute Stroke TreatmentA brief overview of management of acute stroke treatment.Text
8 Bow and Lean TestThe Bow and Lean Test is used to identify the affected side and is designed to be used in conjunction with or after the Supine Roll Test. Within this test a null point may exist where the nystagmus will extinguish because the cupula is in a gravity neutral position. As this test involves the patient...Text
9 Brandt-Daroff ExercisesBrandt-Daroff exercises are less effective than the Epley and the Semont maneuvers and are not shown to prevent recurrence [1-3]. Brandt-Daroff exercises may still be beneficial for habituation exercises and to reduce phobic responses to lying supine or side-lying after the resolution of BPPV. This ...Text
10 Caloric Testing𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Caloric testing is a peripheral vestibular test which takes advantage of the fact that the labyrinth is sensitive to temperature changes. Warm stimulation causes excitation of the semicircular canals while cold stimulatio...Image/MovingImage
11 Common Neuro-Ophthalmic Ancillary Tests to Assist in the Diagnosis and Localization of Afferent DisordersChart of the common neuro-ophthalmic ancillary tests to assist in the diagnosis and localization of afferent disorders.Text
12 ENG, VNG, & VOG𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Electronystagmography (ENG), and videonystagmography (VNG) or videooculography (VOG) are a collection of tests of eye movements that are performed either using surface electrodes around the eye (ENG) or with video goggles...Text
13 Expanded Acute Onset Persistent Vision Loss DifferentialText
14 Expanded Nystagmus & Saccadic Intrusions/Oscillations DifferentialExpanded nystagmus & saccadic intrusions/ oscillations differentialText
15 Gufoni Maneuver for Left Horizontal Canal BPPV, Canalithiasis (Geotropic Nystagmus)The Gufoni maneuver may be preferable to the BBQ roll, as the Gufoni maneuver does not require the individual to roll or be in a prone position, making the maneuver more feasible to complete for individuals who are elderly, obese and/or experience immobility. Antecedently, some clinicians remember t...Text
16 Gufoni Maneuver for Right Horizontal Canal-Cupulolithiasis (Apgeotropic Nystagmus)The Gufoni Maneuver can be used to treat horizontal canal cupulolithaisis. 1. The patient starts in a seated position. 2. The patient transitions quickly to lying on their affected side. 3. The patient lies on their affected side for two minutes with the head in a neutral position. 4. The patient's ...Text
17 HINTS 'Plus' Patterns in the Acute Vestibular Syndrome Based on LocationHINTS ‘Plus' patterns in the acute vestibular syndrome based on locationText
18 Kim Maneuver for Anterior Canal BPPVThe Kim Maneuver for Anterior Canal can be used to treat individuals with anterior canal BPPV. 1. The patient's head is turned 45 degrees towards the unaffected side. 2. The patient transitions into a supine position with the head hanging 30 degrees below the horizon. 3. After two minutes, the head ...Text
19 Li Maneuver for Geotropic Right HC-BPPV, CanalithiasisThe Li maneuver is used to treat horizontal canal, canalithiasis. When compared to the Gufoni maneuver, the Li maneuver was as effective to treat HC-BPPV and there was no significant difference between the maneuvers; however, the Li Maneuver may take less time to complete. 1. The patient starts in a...Text
20 Liberatory or Modified Semont, Posterior Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) for Right Posterior Canal BPPV (Canalithiasis or Cupulolithiasis)Posterior canal (PC) accounts for 70-90% cases of BPPV [1-3] and resolves with canalith repositioning maneuvers 90% of the time [4-13]. The Semont/Liberatory maneuver is considered a gold-standard treatment, with class 1 evidence for use and success rates close to 90% [4-13].The Liberatory maneuver ...Text
21 Localization of Ophthalmoplegia𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: A table describing the localization of ophthalmoplegia.Text
22 Maddox Rod and Red Glass Testing𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Describing the basics of strabismus.Text
23 Modified Zuma for Right Horizontal Canal Canalithiasis (Geotropic Nystagmus)The Modified Zuma maneuver is used to treat horizontal canal canalithiasis (geotropic nystagmus. 1. Patient begins in a seated position. 2. The patient's head is rotated 45 degrees towards the unaffected side. 3. The patient transitions to lying on their affected side and maintains this position for...Text
24 Right Dix Hallpike TestThe Dix-Hallpike tests for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). A test is positive when a patient reports vertigo, dizziness, or sensation of movement or falling with nystagmus present. When the head is in this position, it allows the posterior canal to be aligned with the gravitational vect...Text
25 Right Half Hallpike TestThe Half Hallpike Test compliments the Dix Hallpike Test and is traditionally used to assist with the diagnosis of posterior canal-benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BC-BPPV), cupulolithiasis, as it may produce a greater degree of deflection under the action of gravity without latency when the ot...Text
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