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Title | Description | Creator |
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Choroidal Infarction in Giant Cell Arteritis | An 80-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 10-day history of headaches, intermittent binocular diplopia, and jaw pain. Temporal artery biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Examination showed characteristic large area of choroidal ischemia that is well-known to be associated wit... | Wael A. Alsakran, MD; Andre Aung, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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MRI Findings in Giant Cell Arteritis | Case 1. An 80-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 10-day history of headaches, intermittent binocular diplopia, and jaw pain. Temporal artery biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. MRI with contrast showed enhancement of bilateral optic nerve sheaths in addition to enhancement o... | Wael A. Alsakran, MD; Andre Aung, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
3 |
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Artifact from Incomplete Orbital Fat Suppression on Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Orbital fat has short relaxation times that results in a hyperintense appearance on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fat suppressed T1 MRI sequences are needed to remove the fat signal and better visualize the orbital anatomy, including the optic nerve. Contrast can be used with fat sup... | Matthew Boyko, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Classic Pathology Findings in Giant Cell Arteritis | An 80-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 10 day history of headaches, intermittent binocular diplopia, and jaw pain. Temporal artery biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Pathology findings were classic for giant cell arteritis with numerous inflammatory cells in the tunica me... | Andre Aung, MD; Corrina Azarcon, MD; Wael A. Alsakran, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Optic Disc Edema and Pseudoedema | A presentation covering how to approach optic disc edema, including clinical characteristics and the distinction of pseudoedema. | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Dilated Episcleral Vessels from Carotid Cavernous Fistula | 51 year white woman with a 6 months history of chronic right eye redness, periorbital swelling and progressive proptosis. She was seen by multiple providers and treated for dry eye and conjunctivitis. Her examination showed normal visual acuity, color vision and pupils. There was an intraocular pres... | Amani Alzayani, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD; Ling Chen Chien, MD |
7 |
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Giant Cell Arteritis: Temporal Artery Anatomy and Histology | Gross anatomy and histology of the normal superficial temporal artery.; Histopathology of the superficial temporal artery involved by active and healed GCA; Summary of the main histopathologic findings in GCA | Samuel Bidot, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Bilateral Optic Disc Edema from Hypertensive Retinopathy | A 29 year-old woman was assessed for 2 weeks of headaches and 4 days of blurred vision in both eyes. Her blood pressure was 225/135. Her examination showed: best-corrected visual acuity: 20/25 OD, 20/30 OS; pupils equal and reactive without relative afferent pupillary defect; intraocular pressures 1... | Benjamin I. Meyer, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
9 |
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Clinical Features of Neuroretinitis | A 13-year-old girl was seen for assessment of blurred vision and optic disc edema in her right eye. Her examination showed: best-corrected visual acuity of hand motion OD and 20/25 OS; pupils: no relative afferent pupil defect; color vision: 0/14 plates OD and 14/14 plates OS; humphrey visual fields... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Jason H. Peragallo, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
10 |
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Optic Disc Pseudoedema Due to Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | A 23-year-old woman developed sequential painless central vision loss in both eyes (right eye 5 months ago and left eye 2 months ago). Her examination showed bilateral optic neuropathies: visual acuity: 20/300 eccentrically OU (no improvement with pinhole); pupils: equal and reactive with no relativ... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
11 |
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Retrograde Trans-Synaptic Degeneration from a Longstanding Occipital Lobe Tumor | This is an illustrated guide that (1) discusses the localization of paracentral homonymous hemianopic scotomatous visual field defects and (2) discusses the concept of trans-synaptic retrograde degeneration. A 43-year-old woman was assessed for longstanding blurred vision in both eyes. Her examinati... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
12 |
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Checkboard Visual Field Loss Due to Bilateral Homonymous Hemianopsias | A 70-year-old man with vascular risk factors was seen for assessment of sudden visual field loss in both eyes. His examination showed: visual acuity: 20/20 OD and 20/25 OS; pupils: equal with no relative afferent pupillary defect; color vision: 14/14 plates correct OU; anterior segment exam: normal ... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
13 |
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Compressive Optic Neuropathy from Cavernous Hemangioma | A 42-year-old man was seen for assessment of progressive blurring of vision in his left eye (OS) over several weeks. His examination showed a left optic neuropathy: visual acuity: 20/20 OD and 20/20-2 OS; pupils: 1+ left relative afferent pupillary defect; color vision: 14/14 plates correct OU. Ther... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Aaron M. Yeung, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
14 |
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Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) - Antibody Optic Neuritis | This is an illustrated guide to the clinical diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody optic neuritis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein on the surface of myelin and is found exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS). MOG likely mediates a comple... | Bryce Buchowicz, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Neurosarcoidosis | This is an illustrated guide to the clinical diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas. It can affect multiple organ systems including the lungs, skin, orbit, and brain. When there is central nervous system (CNS) ... | Bryce Buchowicz, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
16 |
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Optic Disc Melanocytoma | A 26-year-old woman was seen for assessment of an asymptomatic optic nerve abnormality in her left eye. Her examination showed normal afferent visual function: visual acuity: 20/30 OD and 20/25 OS; PH 20/20 OU; pupils: no relative afferent pupil defect; color vision: 14/14 plates correct OU. Humphre... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
17 |
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Funduscopic Findings of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion | A 59-year-old man was referred for assessment acute vision loss in the right eye. His examination showed: best-corrected visual acuity: light perception OD, 20/20 OS; pupils: Relative afferent pupillary defect OD; color vision: unable to visualize control plate OD, 14/14 OS correct Ishihara plates. ... | David B. Enfield, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
18 |
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Toxoplasmic Chorioretinitis with Unilateral Disc Edema | A 53-year-old man had a history of high myopia and a seronegative spondyloarthropathy treated with immunosuppressive agents. He presented with mild, painless vision loss in his right eye. His examination showed findings of a right anterior optic neuropathy: visual acuity: 20/20 OD (right eye), 20/20... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Nancy J. Newman, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
19 |
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Previous Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion | This is a typical case of an old branch retinal artery occlusion in a 64 year old woman presenting with persistent monocular vision loss. She had sudden onset of painless vision loss in the inferior field of her left eye approximately one year prior. Her past medical history was significant for atri... | Benson S. Chen, MBChB FRACP; Valérie Biousse, MD |
20 |
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Homonymous Hemianopia Secondary to an Intracranial Bleed from an Arteriovenous Malformation | This case demonstrates a homonymous hemianopia resulting from hemorrhage secondary to a ruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM), providing grounds for illustration and discussion of the correlations between localization of this lesion on cerebral imaging and resultant visual field and... | Lauren Hudson, MD, PhD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
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Optic Nerve Hypoplasia | This is an illustrated guide to the clinical diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is the most common congenital optic nerve anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 2287 live births. It may present unilaterally or bilaterally. It is seen in isolation or in associati... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
22 |
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Superior Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia | This is a case of superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia in a woman with a history of maternal diabetes. A 25 year-old woman noticed a visual field defect in her right eye. Her examination showed: visual acuity: 20/20 OD, 20/20 OS; pupils: trace relative afferent pupillary defect OD; color visi... | Naa Naamuah M. Tagoe, MBChB, FWACS, FGCS; Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD; Nancy J. Newman, MD |
23 |
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Cotton Wool Spots in Giant Cell Arteritis | This is a case of cotton wool spots in a patient with temporal artery-biopsy proven temporal arteritis.; ; A 66-year-old woman presents with isolated painless vision loss related to a left optic neuropathy in her left eye. She denies systemic symptoms to suggest giant cell arteritis.; Her examinatio... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Valérie Biousse, MD |
24 |
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Malignant Hypertension With Bilateral Optic Nerve Edema | This is a case of malignant hypertension and severe hypertensive retinopathy. A 30-year-old woman with headache and vision loss in the left eye was found to have a markedly elevated blood pressure of 205/100. CT head without contrast showed acute hemorrhage in the right temporal-occipital junction a... | Rahul A. Sharma, MD, MPH; Michael Dattilo, MD, PhD; Valérie Biousse, MD |
25 |
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Fundus Autofluorescence | The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has many important functions including phagocytosis of the photoreceptor outer segments. The metabolism of the photoreceptor outer segments leads to the formation of lipofuscin. Disease states and potentially increased oxidative damage can lead to the buildup of ... | Jonathan A. Micieli, MD; Valérie Biousse, MD |