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1 Alternating Hypertropias - Bilateral 4th Nerve Palsies and Alternating Skew Deviation𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Seen here are two patients with alternating hypertropias. The first is a 70-year-old woman with a diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). In the video, both spontaneous downbeat...Image/MovingImage
2 Cavernous Sinus Mass Causing Right 3rd and 4th Nerve Palsies𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: 25-yo-man who complained of diplopia and was initially found to have right 4th and 6th nerve palsies in the setting of a right cavernous sinus mass (subsequently diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma). When seen in follow-up (this...Image/MovingImage
3 Central 4th Nerve Palsy with Contralateral Horner's SyndromeThis is a 60-yo-woman who presented with a complaint of diplopia. Examination demonstrated a left hypertropia that worsened in right and down gaze as well as in left head tilt, and a left 4th nerve palsy was diagnosed. There was also evidence of a mild motility deficit in down/medial gaze OS, consis...Image/MovingImage
4 Inferior Oblique Overaction in a Congenital 4th Nerve Palsy60-yo-man complaining of intermittent oblique diplopia. There was a left hypertropia that worsened in down gaze, right gaze and in left head tilt. There was a large vertical fusional amplitude in addition to a longstanding rightward head tilt, and on examination there was left inferior oblique overa...Image/MovingImage
5 Isolated Central 4th Nerve Palsy𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: This is a 40-year-old man with a right hypertropia that worsened in left and down gaze in addition to right head tilt, and improved in left head tilt. There was subjective excyclotorsion OD with double Maddox rod testing....Image/MovingImage
6 Leukemic Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis Causing 4th and 6th Nerve Palsies𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: This is a 55-yo-man with CML that recurred as AML. Diagonal diplopia developed, and on examination he was found to have a partial right 6th nerve palsy, in addition to a left hypertropia that increased in right gaze, down...Image/MovingImage
7 Superior Oblique Myokymia - Three Patients with Recorded Attacks Using VOG and Frenzel Goggles𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Patients with superior oblique myokymia (SOM) commonly present with complaints of monocular oscillopsia and/or vertical diplopia, which are related to the primary and secondary actions of the SO (incycloduction and depres...Image/MovingImage
8 Test Your Knowledge - Bilateral 4th Nerve PalsiesWatch the video until instructed to stop. Which of the following features is likely to be present given her exam findings? A. Gaze-evoked nystagmus and impaired smooth pursuit B. History of traumatic brain injury C. History of blepharoplasty or brow lift surgery and prominence of superior sulcus on ...Image/MovingImage
9 Third Nerve Palsy Due to Tolosa Hunt SyndromeThis is a 20-year-old woman presenting with severe left eye pain and diplopia for several days. Examination was consistent with a pupil sparing left 3rd nerve palsy with complete external ophthalmoplegia (involving levator palpebrae, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus). Abduction OS was...Image/MovingImage
10 Third and Sixth Nerve Palsies Due to Cavernous Sinus MeningiomaThis is a 60-year-old woman with a large meningioma that was compressing the right cavernous sinus. Examination demonstrated a pupil-involving right 3rd nerve palsy with near complete external ophthalmoplegia (involving levator palpebrae, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus). There was a...Image/MovingImage
11 Unilateral 3rd, 4th, and 6th Nerve Palsies Due to Cavernous Sinus Meningioma𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: This is a 50-year-old woman presenting with a partial 3rd nerve palsy (mild pupil involvement), partial 6th nerve palsy, and no clear incyclotorsion with downgaze, suggestive of additional 4th nerve palsy, all on the left...Image/MovingImage
12 Vertical Vergence and Fusional AmplitudeEssential information on vertical fusional vergences.Text
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