Offline compression for on-chip RAM

We present offline RAM compression, an automated source-to-source transformation that reduces a program's data size. Statically allocated scalars, pointers, structures, and arrays are encoded and packed based on the results of a whole-program analysis in the value set and pointer set domains. We target embedded software written in C that relies heavily on static memory allocation and runs on Harvard-architecture microcontrollers supporting just a few KB of on-chip RAM. On a collection of embedded applications for AVR microcontrollers, our transformation reduces RAM usage by an average of 12%, in addition to a 10% reduction through a dead-data elimination pass that is also driven by our whole-program analysis, for a total RAM savings of 22%. We also developed a technique for giving developers access to a flexible spectrum of tradeoffs between RAM consumption, ROM consumption, and CPU efficiency. This technique is based on a model for estimating the cost/benefit ratio of compressing each variable and then selectively compressing only those variables that present a good value proposition in terms of the desired tradeoffs.