Walsh & Hoyt: Pathophysiology

Ischemic cerebrovascular disease can be produced by thrombosis, embolism, and decreased systemic perfusion. It is often classified by stroke etiology rather than by mechanism. The factors that contribute to an ischemic stroke are both environmental and genetic. Recognition of specific environmental factors that predispose to stroke in a particular patient may affect that patients prognosis both before and after a stroke has occurred. Many genetic disorders also are associated with anin creased risk of stroke. Some are transmitted as simple mendelian disorders (i.e., single gene defects); whereas others are caused by chromosomal disorders, have a multifactorial genetic basis, or probably are inherited insome fashionas yet undiscovered. Thrombosis. Atherosclerosis. Elevated blood pressure. Retinopathy and the risk of stroke and coronary. Artery disease. Leukoaraiosis. Arteritis. Dissection of the cervical arteries. Fibromuscular dysplasia. Moyamoya disease. Radiation arteriopathy. Amyloid angiopathy. Neoplastic angiopathy. Susac syndrome. Malignant atrophic papulosis. Sneddon syndrome. Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Substance abuse. Migraine. Fabrys disease. hereditary retinopathies. Arterial wall compression and trauma. cervical spondylosis. Iatrogenic occlusion of the cervical arteries. Trauma. Tumors. Aneurysms. Hypercoagulable states. Oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and stroke risk. Embolism. Cardiac diseases. Decreased cerebral perfusion. Pulmonary embolism. Operative and perioperative hypoperfusion. Cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy. Stroke in children. Genetics of stroke.