Neuro-Ophthalmic Vascular Disease

Arteriovenous malformations are dysplastic vascular channels. They may result in neuro-ophthalmologic findings from direct compressive effects, secondary hemorrhage, or secondary seizure disorder. CT and/or MRI may demonstrate the lesion, but cerebral arteriography is usually required to better define the anatomy of the lesion. Treatment options include observation, endovascular embolization therapy, radiotherapy, surgical excision, or some combination of these modalities.