LES simulations of sour gas flares in Western Canada

Vt4« :J T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR C LE A N A N D SECURE ENERGY 155South1452EastRoom380 SaltLakeCity, Utah84112 1-801-585-1233 LES S im u la tio n s o f S o u r G as F la r e s in W e s te r n C a n a d a J e r e m y T h o r n o c k - P h ilip S m i t h - A l l a n C h a m b e r s r| ju [ in111\\/ p^i 11rw/ (n)ir I IirSfcr) ni p^iri r^i rv\ p->^ p-^^i Ycj r i p) I Iini(r° I 16th IFRFMembers Conference - Combustion &Sustainability: new technologies, new fuels, new challenges Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR C LE A N A N D SECURE ENERGY Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g a s @ w e llh e a d c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g a s @ w e llh e a d c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g a s p ro d u c tio n is sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & n o rth e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g as @ w e llh e a d c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g as p ro d u c tio n is sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & n o rth e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u ire re m o v a l p rio r to tra n s p o rta tio n a n d s a le Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s I A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g as @ v c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g as p r sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & n C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u ire re m o v a l p rio r to tra n s p o rta tio n a n d s a le - absorption-based process w regenerative solvent Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g a s @ w e llh e a d c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g a s p ro d u c tio n is sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & n o rth e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u ire re m o v a l p rio r to tra n s p o rta tio n a n d s a le - absorption-based process w regenerative solvent - upon regeneration of the solvent, acid gases are liberated and these concentrated acid gases are either: Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g a s (j c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g a s sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u ire re m o v a l p rio r to tra n s p o rta tio n a n d s a le - absorption-based process w regenerative solvent - upon regeneration of the solvent, acid gases are liberated and these concentrated acid gases are either: • converted to elemental sulphur via a Klaus plant (expensive) T H E I N S T I T U T E F O R C L E A N A N D S E C U R E LTTi I ka TT Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S o u r G a s F la r in g / ■ / 1%) a ■l to ta l r und in 1 ■ 0 K S j A lb e rta /T V Bas‘ V J - • S t ii 'r r . r i r i : v v 0 W i :V q u ire d s a le WillfrStOfl absorption-based proces upon regeneration of the ISSUES III It;I . and these concentrated converted to elemental sulphur via a Klaus plant (expensive) re-injected (new but growing / over 30 projects) Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 k V S o u r G a s F la r in g o u r u e i t A lh p rtu 0 1 c u e u c a s n r a n r h p r s w n n rlp r w h v th p ir liv e s to c k m iffp r a n H H ip R O C K Y M O U N T A I N H O U S E , A l b c n a - I t w a s a frig id s p r in g a f t e r n o o n , a n d c o u n t r y v e t e r i n a r i a n M a r t h a K o s t u c h h a d a n o t h e r b i o lo g i c a l r id d le o n h e r h a n d s . B e f o r e h e r , in a l i v e s t o c k tr a ile r , la y a s ic k c a l f b r o u g h t in b y a r a n c h e r . T h e a n i m a l 's b e lly w a s t i g h t a n d s w o ll e n , a n d it w a s b a r e l y b r e a th i n g . ^ ^ J | ^ / j A • ^ | ^ m ^ K o s t u c h a n d a n a s s is ta n t w o r k e d f ra n tic a lly to r e lie v e th e e a l f s b l o a t i n g , a d m in is te r in g o ra lly |J a g r e e n liq u id c a lle d D io c t o l . A f t e r a f e w m i n u t e s , it b e c a m e e v i d e n t th a t th e a n im a l c o u ld n o t b e r e v i v e d . K o s t u c h e n d e d its m is e r y w i t h a le th a l in je c tio n o f s o d i u m p e n t o b a r b i t a l. c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) j A f t e r 2 2 y e a r s h e r e o n th e h i g h p l a i n s o f w e s t e r n C a n a d a , K o s t u c h h a s c o m e to e x p e c t , i f n o t a c c e p t , s u c h i n c id e n ts . S h e h a s h e a r d n u m e r o u s r e p o n s o f p u z z li n g d e a t h s , s p o n t a n e o u s a b o r tio n s , b ir th d e f e c t s , e y e i n f la m m a t io n a n d lis tlc s s n e s s a m o n g c a t d e . S h e h a s s e e n 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l > sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d ii C o lu m b ia h a rd e n e d ra n c h e rs cry . M a n y o f t h e p r o b l e m s h a v e o c c u r r e d in a r e a s o f in t e n s iv e o il a n d n a tu r a l g a s e x p l o r a t i o n , p ro d u c tio n a n d re fin in g . T o K o s tu c h a n d o th e rs Ella Johnston wal ks past the skull o f a dead c o w a reminder o f a 19 9 4 p i p el i n e release. She and her husband say their herd suffers from a variety o f il l nes ses, and skeletal remains arc n o w c o m m o n o n their land near Caroline. in s o u t h w e s t e r n A l b e r t a , th is is n o c o i n c i d e n c e . M a n y o f t h e p r o v i n c e 's o il a n d g a s f ie ld s a r e e x t r e m e l y s o u r - l a c e d w i t h h y d r o g e n s u lf id e , s o m e tim e s r e l e a s e d in ta c t in to th e a t m o s p h e r e b u t m o r e o f t e n c o n v e r t e d to s u l f u r d i o x i d e t h r o u g h f la r in g . B o t h g a s e s c a n p la y h a v o c w i t h h u m a n a n d a n im a l p h y s i o l o g i e s . R o c k y M o un t ai n Ho us e veterinarian Martha Kost uch works in vain to save a sick c a l f brought in b y a rancher. H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u in tra n s p o rta tio n a n d sal* - absorption-based process* r solvent - upon regeneration of the solvent, acid gases are liberat and these concentrated acid gases are either: • converted to elemental sulphur via a Klaus plant (expensive) • re-injected (new but growing Iover 30 projects) • flared (increasingly restricted) " N o q u e s t i o n , w e 'r e s e e in g c h r o n i c a n d a c u t e e f f e c ts ," K o s t u c h s a id . S h e r a ttle d t h e m o ff: " M i l k y s u b s t a n c e in t h e e y e s . D if f ic u lty b r e a t h i n g . D i a r r h e a . N e u r o l o g i c a l p r o b le m s . A g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r . 'D u m b ' c a l v e s th a t d o n 't n u r s e . P o o r h e a ts . U t e r i n e in f e c tio n s . I m m u n e d e f ic ie n c ie s ." T h e o il a n d g a s i n d u s tr y r e je c ts s u g g e s t i o n s o f a r e la t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n its o p e r a t i o n s a n d s ic k ly c a ttle , n o tin g th a t s u lf u r d i o x i d e e m i s s i o n s a r c d o w n a n d a r e c e n t s tu d v o r o v ^ e x c u l p a t o r v . T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR CLEAN A N D SECURE L n t K b x Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 :berta ranchers wonder why their livestock suffer and die S o u r G a s F la r in g 3 C K Y M O U N T A I N H O U S E . AlbettaTt w m a (rigxl spring afternoon, ami country .•termanan Martha Koxtuch had another biological riddle oc her hands • V ' M a n y of the problem* hase occurred in areas of intensive oil and natural gas exploration, production and refining. T o Kostuch and others m southwestern Albetta, thix is no coincidence S o u r G a s / A c id G a s : n a tu ra l g as @ w e llh e a t c o n ta in in g H 2 S (> 1% ) a n d C O 2 Lila Johnson walk* the *k»II o f a cow a rrminder o4a 1994 pupcUfee selcuc Sbe *nd her hutfcaad their hen! tu fk n b n » v io c t) of iUftfMfi, m 4 nrmaini arc now common on thetf land Mar Caroline M a n y of the province * oil and gas fields arc extremely sour laoed with hydrogen sulfide, sometimes released intact into (he atmosphere but more often converted to sulfur dioxide through flaring Both gates can play havoc with humor, and animal physiologies Rocky Mountain Horn* K ltf in io u i M in lu Koajuch Mitfc> an >am to «avc* uckuir brought iikra rancbcr 'N o quesoon, were seeing chronic and acutc efforts." Kostuch said, She rattled them off; 'Milky substance m (he eyes Difficulty breathing Diarrhea Neurological problems Aggressive behavior. Dumb' calves that don't nurse Poor heats. Uterine infections. Immune deficiencies ' The oil and gas industry resets suggestions of a relationship between its operations and sickly exile, noting that sulhir <J*ox*V emissions arc dow n and a 3 0 % o f C a n a d a 's to ta l n a tu ra l g as p ro d u c tio n sour, m o s t o f it fo u n d in A lb e rta & n o rth e a s t E C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th re q u ire re m o v a l p rio r to tra n s p o rta tio n a n d s a le - absorption-based process w regenerative solvent - upon regeneration of the solvent, acid gases are liberat and these concentrated acid gases are either: • converted to elemental sulphur via a Klaus plant (expensive) • re-injected (new but growing Iover 30 projects) • flared (increasingly restricted) Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 * '■ e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR C L E A N A N D SECURE ENERG Y Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s 1 .0 0 .V- 0.95 ♦# 0 c <D 1 O EE0.90 ♦ c ♦ ♦ o g 0.85 ♦ ♦ E 0.80 LU ♦ ■I^Ml .Q K e f : / f r f j r t f r j j / : / j 7 l7 ^ / o ' - T h e P e r s p e c tiv e o f t h e P a s t. fV tfm ' J. G . S e e h o Id . 13. C . D a n s . P. P . G . G o g o l e k . I . W . K o s t i u k . J. II. P o h l . R . [■:. S c h w o n / . N . R . S o e l b e r t : . M . S i m s h e r o n d P. M . W a l s h . C o m b u s t i o n (. a n a d a + T f £ l& r * v t 7 -ai;' n.v V o n e o u v e r . Ei C. S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 .' 0.75 ___________________ 10 -3 1C-2 10 1 10° 10' 102 103 104 (pV2)iet/(pV2)wind U TE FO R C L E A N A N D SECURE E N E R G Y Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io •jjg p n w Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 r 'r e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io increased combustion stability ("wake stabilized") i "r ; j g £ u w o c ■ ^CD o EE0.90 LU o C R e f : R e a c t i o n .............. - can LES be used to: w predict operating options under high wind and/or high S conditions? U learn about the fate of sulfur species? T h e P e r s p e c tiv e o f 13. C . D a n s . P. ] - : . G . .1. II. P o h l . R . [■:. S i m s h o r a n d P. M . W n.v V a n c o u v e r . EiC. 10° 10' 102 1Q3 (pV2W(pv2)wind Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 decreased combustion efficiency r i R = 5 29 g}. r U cr= 0 .7 0 m /s Vj = 2 .0 7 m /s t,.„= 0 0 0 1 v ' s |7 S ] B 131 IfSi H R = 1 43 U x= 1 .3 3 m /s - Vj = 2 .0 8 m /s t „ p= 0 0 0 2 s j ilc= 9 9 . 4 % C R = 0 34 Ucr= 2 .7 6 m /s Vj = 2 .1 0 m /s u = 0 002 s n c= 9 9 .3 % R = 0 .1 5 (Jso = : 4 0 9 m / s Vj = 2 .0 9 m /s A 0 .0 0 1 s n c= 9 9 .7 % 0 085 = 5 .4 9 m /s 2 .1 1 m /s 1 0 .0 0 2 s ilc= 9 9 . 2 % R = 0 .0 3 8 U *)= 8 .2 7 m /s V j = 2.11 m /s t e. p= 0 . 0 0 2 s iV = 9 6 . 5 % R = 0 0 2 1 U c/ d= 1 1 0 5 m / s Vj = 2 .0 9 m /s L ,= 0 .0 0 2 s n,= 8 8 .6 % H i R = 0 .0 0 8 5 U<x>= 1 7 . 3 9 m / s Vj = 2 .1 0 m /s u = Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 0 002 s t € 0 .6 m i * 4 ---------- J r 1 9 m I ---------------------------------------► r i R = 5 29 g}. r U cr= 0 .7 0 m /s Vj = 2 .0 7 m /s t.„ = 0 0 0 1 v ' s (SSf B R = 1 43 U. x = 1 . 3 3 m / s - Vj = 2 .0 8 m /s t „ p= 0 0 0 2 s j B B ilc= 9 9 .4 % C R = 0 34 Ucr= 2 .7 6 m /s Vj = 2 .1 0 m /s u = 0 .0 0 2 s n c= 9 9 .3 % § R = 0 .1 5 (Jso = : 4 0 9 m / s V j = 2 .0 9 m /s 0 .0 0 1 s n c= 9 9 .7 % 0 085 flare shape & size (buoyant force) sensitive to dynamic puffing = 5 .4 9 m /s 2 .1 1 m /s 0 .0 0 2 s ilc= 9 9 . 2 % R = 0 .0 3 8 U *)= 8 .2 7 m /s V j = 2.11 m /s t e. p= 0 . 0 0 2 s iV = 9 6 . 5 % R = 0 0 2 1 U ^ = 1 1 0 5 m /s Vj = 2 .0 9 m /s U = 0 .0 0 2 s n,= 8 8 .6 % H i t I R = 0 .0 0 8 5 0 .6 m U<x>= 1 7 . 3 9 m / s Vj = 2 .1 0 m /s u = Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 0 002 s I < - i f ------------------------- 1 9 h ttp ://fla r e s im u la tio n s .o r Wind \ F1uel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (mol%) 1 15 15 15 1 2 15 15 5 15 8 30 6 15 8 0 7 0 8 30 8 0 8 0 3 0 15 15 1 4 0 15 9 7.5 15 30 10 7.5 15 0 1 11 7.5 30 12 7.5 1 0 13 7.5 8 15 1 1 Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 . . h ttp ://fla r e s im u la tio n s .o r Wind \ F1uel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (mol%) 1 15 15 15 1 2 15 15 5 15 8 30 6 15 8 0J / 7 0 8 30 8 0 8 0 3 0 15 15 1 4 0 15 9 7.5 15 30 10 7.5 15 0 1 11 7.5 30 12 7.5 1 0 13 7.5 8 15 1 1 Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 . . Simulation Details 5.6Mnodes V=700 m3 tsim=4.6 sec 2ndOrder time/space S4 DORadiation Model 300 processors h ttp ://fla r e s im u la tio n s .o r Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (mol%) 1 15 15 15 1 2 15 15 5 15 8 30 6 15 8 0 0 7 8 30 0 8 8 0 3 0 15 15 1 4 0 15 9 7.5 15 30 10 7.5 15 0 1 11 7.5 30 12 7.5 1 0 13 7.5 8 15 Flare S im u la t io n s ■* m C + U.S. N ew s Wkly 0 h ttp ://fla r e s im u la tio n s .o r g /a r c / RPT d o cu m en ts MobileMe CRSim C lass © Cmail UofU CRSim svn iWeb UHOC wiki PrIMe * G o o g le OED Wikipedia Apple (9 1 ) t Flare Simulations W e lc o m e A R C F la re s Project Description J o h n Z in k IC S E Sour Gas Flare Simulations Introduction Background 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 Arches LES Simulation Tool Download Printer Friendly Verson Experimental D esign Future Work C a se Results Introduction to Results Summary C a se 1 C a se 2 C a se 3 C a se 4 C a se 5 C a se 6 C a se 7 S o u r G a s F lare O p e r a tio n s in S o u th e r n C a n a d a ( a b o v e ) C a se 8 A r c h e s L E S F lare S im u la tio n (right) C a se 9 C a se 10 C a se 11 C a se 12 C a se 13 In tro d u c tio n H y d r o g e n s u lf id e ( H 2S) is a c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t o f g a s s t r e a m s f l a r e d in W e s t e r n C a n a d a . L a r g e E d d y S i m u l a t i o n s (L E S ) h a v e b e e n u s e d t o s tu d y t h e i m p a c t o f H 2S o n c a r b o n a n d s u lf u r c o m b u s t i o n e f f ic ie n c y . T h i s w o r k wra s s p o n s o r e d b y t h e C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f P e t r o l e u m P r o d u c e r s a n d p e r f o r m e d in a p a r t n e r s h i p b e t w e e n 0.93 1b t h e A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l I n c . ( A lla n C h a m b e r s ) a n d t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r C l e a n a n d S e c u r e E n e r g y a t T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f 10 10 0 ,el Velocity [mi's) Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 0 Wire Velocrty (frvs) 15 U t a h ( P h i l i p S m ith ) . » | Case 1 vorticity CO2 mass fraction http://flaresim ulations.or CH4 mass fraction SO3 mass fraction H2S mass fraction SO2 production rate SO2 mass fraction SO mass fraction A T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR C L E A N A N D SECURE E NER G Y Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 C ases no wind - high fuel velocity L Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR C L E A N A N D SECURE ENERG Y http://flaresim ulations.or C ases no wind - high fuel velocity L Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 no wind - low fuel velocity T H E I N S T I T U T E FOR CLEAN A N D SECURE ENERGY http://flaresim ulations.or Case 1 no wind - low fuel velocity Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 http://flaresim ulations.or Case 1 no wind - low fuel velocity Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 S u m m a r y o f R e s u lts W in d F u e l H 2 S C S http://flaresim ulations.or R V Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 fr e q . to ta l C a s e (m /s ) V (m /s ) % e ffic . e ffic . t im e ( s ) (h z ) 1 1 5 1 5 1 5 0 .9 3 0 .9 7 5 .6 0 .7 2 2 -3 2 1 5 1 1 5 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 3 .2 0 .0 0 3 1 -2 3 0 1 5 1 5 0 .9 4 0 .9 9 1 5 4 0 1 1 5 0 .9 8 1 5 1 5 8 3 0 1 6 1 5 8 0 7 0 8 8 0 9 O 0 .3 - 0 .4 5 1 .3 0 0 0 .3 - 0 .4 1 9 .8 0 .2 2 3 -5 0 .9 8 - 7 .2 0 .1 8 3 -5 3 0 0 .9 8 1 3 0 O 0 .1 - 0 .2 8 0 0 .9 6 - 2 1 O 0 .1 - 0 .2 7 .5 1 5 3 0 0 .9 4 0 .9 9 1 5 3 .1 0 .5 - 1 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 5 0 0 .9 6 - 9 .9 2 .6 0 .5 - 1 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 3 0 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 2 0 0 .0 1 4 1 -2 1 2 7 .5 1 0 0 .9 9 - 1 3 .7 0 .0 1 1 1 -3 1 3 7 .5 8 1 5 0 .9 7 1 9 .5 0 .8 1 1 S u m m a r y o f R e s u lts W in d F u e l H C S to ta l % e ffic . e ffic . t im e ( s ) 1 5 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 2 S http://flaresim ulations.or C a s e V (m /s ) 1 1 5 2 1 5 V (m /s ) 1 0 .0 0 3 1 -2 0 0 0 .3 - 0 .4 0 0 0 .3 - 0 .4 0 .2 2 3 -5 0 .1 8 3 -5 0 0 0 .1 - 0 .2 0 0 0 .1 - 0 .2 1 .0 0 r 0 .9 5 O £ 0.90 ♦♦ LU R rf RtaHi**n Ljjkiency of Industrial Vhires - Jkr h fn ptttfae of the Past. 1 G. SccbolJ, B c D i'iv f' L <> <» tick*L Vi Koiiuk. J II F\w R r Schwjft/.N R SodbefeM str ■'vtk'fjojr \ | WaMt CornhusUon Cana.la 0.80 03. \ jfKoovcr. BC . September 2003 0 .5 - 1 .5 0.75 1 frJ 1 0 2 10 -' 10 * 1 0 ' 102 103 104 1 0 s 10 ‘ 0 .5 - 1 .5 00 ( p V 2U ( p V 2) „ « 0 .0 1 4 1 2 1 0 0 .9 9 1 3 8 1 5 0 .9 7 1 3 .7 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 Y Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 Validation & UQ: w shape doif>e u efficiency yet to come (w. John Zink) Its http://flaresim ulations.or C arbo n r a r c h in g jx a n d E fficiency P r o b l e m e m is s io n s fro m 0 .9 9 h ig h su lfu r fla re s 0 .9 8 0 .9 7 B en ch m ark C a s e s 0 .9 6 0 .9 5 5 '0 . 9 4 10 W in d V e lo c ity (m /s ) r ^ S c a le b rid g in g R a d i a t i o n m o d els M o d e l s M ix in g R e a c t i o n M & N o n r e a c t i n g o d e l s M o d e l s & L E S A l g o r i t h m s s o o t & g a s - p h a s e tu r b u le n t d iffu sio n p a r tic ip a tin g c h e m istr y , u n r e s o lv e d c lo s u r e , so lu tio n m e d ia tu r b u le n t m ix in g a lg o r ith m s g a s < S G S < & p a r tic le ^------------------------------------------------------------------- X 0.95 o c o V. P rf RcjlI u' h Efficiency oj Industrial I Uirt\ - The Persf*elhY i»/ the f'u\t, J G. SccbolJ, B C D iw ». P E G L \ \ ko>UUk. J H r \W R T Schwartz. N R Sodhc^. \ l SdvhWt jrvj P \ | Walsh. ContKistion Cana«la 0.V Vancouver. BC . September JQQ3 10 ° 101 102 103 ( p V 2W ( p V 2),'wind Friday, J u n e 19, 2 0 0 9 10 * 10 5 106 00